Adult Body The Span Of A Human Life Essay - 1642 Words

ccording to the dictionary, a lifecycle is the span of a human life. It consists of different stages, including pregnancy, childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and old age. Some of those stages are subdivided on different segments; for example, during adulthood people go through Early Adulthood, Midlife, and Later Adulthood. All of them need the same basic nutrients, but each one has different challenges and possible deficiencies. Although the basic nutrients are the same; the amounts of nutrients needed differ based on different factors such as physical activity, body size, gender, illness, and medication use. Adulthood is a period of optimum mental functioning when intellectual, emotional, and social capacities are achieved. During this stage, a good nutrition can help adults enjoy an active lifestyle . For most people, this is the time when their bodies are in the best condition. An adult body does not need to devote its energy and resources to support the rapid growth and development that characterizes youth. However, the choices made during those formative years can have a lasting impact. Changing bad habits or maintaining healthy habits are important ways to lower your risk of cancer, diabetes, heart disease, osteoporosis and hypertension. Early Adulthood defines individuals who are between the ages of twenty through fort. These individuals are typically already independent, vibrant, active and healthy. They are focused on friendships, romance, career, andShow MoreRelatedLife Span Perspective Paper746 Words   |  3 PagesRunning Head: LIFE SPAN PERSPECTIVE PAPER Life Span Perspective Paper Natalia Pimentel University of Phoenix PSY/375 Andrew Rodriguez September 15, 2009 Life Span Perspective Paper People are constantly changing and developing ever since conception to the day they pass away. 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Information Systems of Sterling Urgent Care Essay

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Object Oriented Programming in Different Languages Free Essays

string(233) " and of any modified SAMPLE CODE, other than SAMPLE CODE, or any modified version thereof, designated as not redistributable in the Readme file that forms a part of the SOFTWARE PRODUCT \(the â€Å"Non-Redistributable Sample Code†\)\." OOP with Microsoft Visual Basic . NET and Microsoft Visual C# Step by Step by Robin A. Reynolds-Haertle Microsoft Press  © 2002 (393 pages) ISBN: 0735615683 This intuitive, self-paced learning title is designed to help you master the basics of object-oriented programming with Visual Basic. We will write a custom essay sample on Object Oriented Programming in Different Languages or any similar topic only for you Order Now NET or Visual C#. Table of Contents OOP with Microsoft Visual Basic . NET and Microsoft Visual C# . NET Step by Step Introduction Chapter 1 – Writing Your First Object-Oriented Program Chapter 2 – Creating Class Instances with Constructors Chapter 3 – Creating Fields and Properties Chapter 4 – Working with Methods Chapter 5 – Using Inheritance to Create Specialized Classes Chapter 6 – Designing Base Classes as Abstract Classes Chapter 7 – Responding to Changes with Events and Exceptions Chapter 8 – Putting It All Together with Components Chapter 9 – Providing Services Using Interfaces Chapter 10 – Using Classes Interchangeably Through Polymorphism Chapter 11 – Using Shared and Static Members Chapter 12 – Overloading Operators with Visual C# Chapter 13 – Saving Instance Data Chapter 14 – Reducing Complexity by Design Appendix – Additional Resources Index Height Gage List of Sidebars OOP with Microsoft Visual Basic . NET and Microsoft Visual C# . NET Step by Step PUBLISHED BY Microsoft Press A Division of Microsoft Corporation One Microsoft Way Redmond, Washington 98052-6399 Copyright  © 2002 by Robin A. Reynolds-Haertle All rights reserved. No part of the contents of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without the written permission of the publisher. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Reynolds-Haertle, Robin A. , 1959- OOP with Microsoft Visual Basic . NET and Microsoft Visual C# Step by Step / Robin A. Reynolds-Haertle. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-7356-1568-3 1. Object-oriented programming (Computer science). 2. Microsoft Visual BASIC. 3. C# (Computer program language) I. Title. QA76. 64 . R495 2001 005. 2’768—dc21 2001052122 Printed and bound in the United States of America. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 QWT 7 6 5 4 3 2 Distributed in Canada by Penguin Books Canada Limited. A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Microsoft Press books are available through booksellers and distributors worldwide. For further information about international editions, contact your local Microsoft Corporation office or contact Microsoft Press International directly at fax (425) 936-7329. Visit our Web site at www. microsoft. com/mspress. Send comments to: mspinput@microsoft. com. IntelliSense, Microsoft, Microsoft Press, Visual Basic, Visual C#, Visual Studio, and Windows are either registered trademarks or trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries. Other product and company names mentioned herein may be the trademarks of their respective owners. The example companies, organizations, products, domain names, e-mail addresses, logos, people, places, and events depicted herein are fictitious. No association with any real company, organization, product, domain name, e-mail address, logo, person, place, or event is intended or should be inferred. 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About the Author Robin A. Reynolds-Haertle Robin’s interest in computing began when she taught herself to program in C to fulfill a programming language requirement for her master’s degree in biomathematics at the University of Washington. Fascinated by the subject, Robin attended as many computer science classes as her schedule would permit, and took a position as a programmer with the University of Washington after graduation. Robin spent several years in the biotechnology industry, writing data applications in various database management systems, C, and Microsoft Visual Basic. Not content to just read computer science and software engineering books, she then pursued and completed a master’s degree in software engineering at Seattle University. During these years, Robin presented training sessions on software engineering topics to her peers. After so many years in the classroom, Robin wanted to try teaching, and jumped at the opportunity to teach object- oriented programming with Visual Basic for the University of Washington Outreach program. Here she discovered she loved writing instructional materials and sample projects for her students. This led Robin to her current position as a programmer/writer at Microsoft, writing conceptual documentation for Visual Basic and Microsoft Visual C#. When not at the computer, Robin is trying to make peace with her abandoned husband and sons. After she completes this book, they look forward to Mom’s attention to Cub Scouts, Boy Scouts, hiking, and watching BattleBots. After catching up with the family, Robin hopes to sew a few quilts. Acknowledgments First I’d like to thank the team at Microsoft Press that turned my writing into a book. Without Jack Beaudry, the technical editor, I never would have gotten any sleep. His meticulous reviews saved me time and saved readers from much frustration. Kathleen Atkins, the project editor, kept everything running smoothly and improved my text considerably. Credit is also due to Danielle Bird, acquisitons editor; Rebecca McKay (Becka), manuscript editor; Cheryl Penner and Rebecca Wendling (Becky), copy editors; Gina Cassill, compositor; and Michael Kloepfer, electronic artist. I also want to thank my colleagues at Microsoft who listened sympathetically to my complaints about deadlines and beta software. Editors Roger Haight and Meredith Waring made me a better writer. Mike Pope reminded me to put the reader ahead of being clever. Megan Shult and Ann Morris, my managers, were supportive even when writing consumed all my after-hours energy. Much of what I learned about . NET came from the material written by my team members Jina Chan, Seth Grossman, Steve Hoag, Steve Stein, and Matt Stoecker. And thank you to Diana Rain, my office mate. I’d also like to thank Ruth McBride, my longtime manager, and my instructors at Seattle University. I appreciate their patience with my often experimental approaches to their assignments over the years. I also have to mention the friends that still call to check on me, even though I haven’t called them in months. Jennifer Wirt, Lisa Wiken, Molly Potteiger, and Julie Brinkley have been true friends. This book would never have been written without the support of my husband, Bruce. He completely ran my life for the seven months I was writing this book. I worked and wrote; he did everything else. My friends are still laughing about how he RSVPs for me. Lastly, I thank my sons for just being there and for being proud of me. Introduction Microsoft Visual Basic developers have long clamored for complete objectoriented language support. Microsoft Visual Basic . NET supports all the features of an object- oriented language. In addition, the entire Microsoft . NET Framework, which includes the development support for Microsoft Windows applications, Web applications, Web services, graphics, and data access, is designed according to object-oriented principles. Developers who have a firm grasp of object-oriented principles will be the strongest . NET developers. Also new to developers is C#, a C-based language that gives developers a language choice for developing with the . NET Framework. Some C, Java, and C++ development will move to C# to take advantage of . NET’s features. Visual Basic programmers looking to learn a C language might also move to C#. Visual Basic . NET and C# both support object-oriented development with the . NET Framework. No matter what language you choose for development, being able to read code in either language will double your access to Microsoft Visual Studio documentation, . NET books, magazine articles, and other developer resources. System Requirements You’ll need the following hardware and software to complete the exercises in this book:  ¦  ¦ Microsoft Visual Studio . NET Professional edition. The Visual Studio . NET software isn’t included with this book. You must purchase it separately and install it before you can complete the exercises in this book. A computer capable of running Microsoft Visual Studio . NET. The following hardware configuration is recommended by the Microsoft Visual Studio . NET Web site, at http://msdn. microsoft. com/vstudio/nextgen/ Computer/Processor PC with a Pentium II–class processor, 450 megahertz (MHz); Pentium III–class processor, 600 MHz recommended Operating System Microsoft Windows 2000, Server or Professional Microsoft Windows XP Home or Professional Microsoft Windows NT 4. 0 Server Memory Windows 2000 Professional, 96 megabytes (MB) of RAM; 128 MB recommended Windows 2000 Server, 192 MB of RAM; 256 MB recommended Windows XP Professional, 128 MB of RAM; 160 Recommended Hard Disk 500 MB on System Drive and 3. 0 gigabyte (GB) on installation drive Drive CD-ROM drive Display VGA or higher–resolution monitor Computer/Processor Input Device Microsoft Mouse or compatible pointing device Finding Your Best Starting Point This book is designed to teach you the fundamentals of object-oriented programming. You can use this book if you have a basic knowledge of Visual Basic 6, Visual Basic . NET, Visual C#, or another Windows programming language. The exercises in this book assume you can already perform the following tasks:  ¦ Create a new Windows Application project, build it, and run it.  ¦ Add Windows Forms controls to a Windows Form.  ¦ Create a method to respond to the Click event of a Button control.  ¦ Create a simple method (called a Sub or Function in Visual Basic . NET).  ¦ Declare and use variables. For an introduction to Visual Basic . NET, read Microsoft Visual Basic . NET Step by Step by Michael Halvorson (Microsoft Press, 2002). For an introduction to Visual C# , read Microsoft Visual C# . NET Step by Step by John Sharp and Jon Jagger (Microsoft Press, 2002). Use the following table to find your best starting point in this book. If you are New To object- oriented programming Migrating From Visual Basic 6 Switching From another object- oriented programming Follow these steps Install the practice files as described in the following section, â€Å"Installing and Using the Practice Files† Work through the chapters sequentially for a complete introduction to object-oriented programming. Chapters 1 through 7, 9, and 11 concentrate on the mechanics of object- riented programming, while the other chapters cover the concepts in more depth. Install the practice files as described in â€Å"Installing and Using the Practice Files† on the next page. Work through the chapters sequentially for a complete introduction to object- oriented programming with Visual Basic .NET. Chapters 1 through 7, 9, and 11 conce ntrate on the mechanics of object- oriented programming, while the other chapters cover the concepts in more depth. Install the practice files as described in â€Å"Installingand Using the Practice Files. † If you are New language. Referencing The book after working through the exercises Follow these steps Complete Chapter 1 to learn the basic yntax of properties and methods. Read the Quick Reference sections at the end of the chapters for information about specific class constructs. Use the index or the Table of Contents to find information about particular subjects. Read the Quick Reference at the end of each chapter to find a brief review of the syntax and techniques presented in the chapter. Installing and Using the Practice Files The companion CD inside the back cover of this book contains the practice files that you’ll use as you perform the exercises in the book. For example, when you’re learning to create class events, you’ll use a bitmap file nam ed Train. bmp. By using the practice files, you won’t waste time creating objects that aren’t relevant to the exercise. Instead, you can concentrate on learning object-oriented programming with Visual Basic . NET and Visual C# . NET. The files and the step-by-step instructions in the lessons also let you learn by doing, which is an easy and effective way to acquire and remember new skills. Important Install the practice files Before you break the seal on the OOP with Microsoft Visual Basic . NET and Microsoft Visual C# Step by Step companion CD package, be sure that this book matches your version of the software. This book is designed for use with Microsoft Visual Studio . NET Professional Edition for the Windows operating systems. To find out what software you’re running, you can check the product package or you can start the software, and then click About Microsoft Development Environment in the Help menu at the top of the screen. Follow these steps to install the practice files on your computer’s hard disk so that you can use them with the exercises in this book. 1. Remove the companion CD from the package inside the back cover of this book and insert the CD in your CD-ROM drive. 2. Double-click the My Computer icon on the Desktop. Tip On some computers, the startup program might run automatically when you close the CD-ROM drive. In this case, skip steps 2 through 5 and follow the instructions on the screen. 3. Double-click the icon for your CD-ROM drive. 4. Double-click StartCD. exe 5. Click Install Sample Code. The setup program window appears with the recommended options preselected for you. For best results in using the practice files with this book, accept these preselected settings. 6. When the files have been installed, remove the CD from your CD- ROM drive and replace it in the package inside the back cover of the book. A folder called OOPVBCS has been created on your hard disk, and the practice files have been placed in that folder. Using the Practice Files Each lesson in this book explains when and how to use any practice files for that lesson. The practice files contain the complete source listings for all the applications created in this book, as well as any resources, such as bitmaps and databases, that you’ll need to complete the exercises. For those of you who like to know all the details, here’s a list of the Visual Basic and Visual C# projects on the practice disk: Project Chapter 1 ReadBooks Chapter 2 ReadMoreBooks Chapter 3 CodeAnalysis CodeAnalysis2 Chapter 4 DeckOfCards Chapter 5 TheBank ARoundButton Chapter 6 ABetterBank ABetterLibrary Variations Description This simple program demonstrates the basics of creating, instantiating, and using a class. This program expands on the ReadBooks program and adds constructors. These two applications demonstrate different approaches to using class properties, and the interaction of class properties and the DataGrid control. This application explores class methods by using dynamic creation of Windows Forms controls and drag-and-drop operations. This simple application demonstrates the basics of class inheritance. This small project shows how easy it is to derive rom a Windows Forms control and redefine its drawing. This adaptation of Chapter 5’s TheBank application uses an abstract class as a base class. This improvement on Chapter 1’s ReadBooks application uses a strongly typed collection. This application contains code snippets demonstrating variations on inheritance. Chapter 7 TrainG ame ThrowSystemException PersonList Project Chapter 8 GamesLibrary Memory Chapter 9 MoveIt Points Chapter 10 PatternMaker Chapter 11 BetterCard SortablePoint Singleton Chapter 12 VectorAlgebra Chapter 13 Serialize DataSetExercise Chapter 14 This application introduces delegates, events, and user-drawn controls in the context of a simple game. This small program throws a system exception and recovers by using exception handling. This application creates and throws a custom application exception. Description The GamesLibrary project creates a component library containing objects used to develop the simple Memory card game This application covers the basics of creating and implementing an interface. The Points project contains objects that implement the IComparable, IFormattable, and IEnumerable interfaces. Moving beyond the basics of inheritance, the PatternMaker program makes extensive use of inheritance and polymorphism. This improvement on the Card class from Chapter 4 uses static methods to liminate the project’s dependency on file locations. The SortablePoint application from Chapter 10 is made more flexible through static properties. Static fields are used to implement the Singleton design pattern. The mathematical concept of vectors is used to demonstrate the definition and use of operator overloading in Visua l C#. The Serialize application demonstrates the use of binary and XML serialization of data. This very simple ADO. NET application reads data from an Access database. PatternMaker Uninstall the practice files This example uses the PatternMaker exercise from Chapter 10 to demonstrate the way to make design changes after the i nitial development of an application. If you are using the Windows XP Professional operating system, follow these steps to remove the practice files from your computer. If you are using a different version of Windows, refer to your Windows Help documentation for removing programs. 1. Click Start, and then click Control Panel. 2. In Control Panel, click Add Or Remove Programs. 3. In the Add Or Remove Programs window, click OOP Visual Basic And C# . NET Code in the Currently Installed Programs list. 4. Click Change/Remove. The Confirm File Deletion dialog appears. 5. Click Yes to delete the practice files. 6. Click Close to close the Add Or Remove Programs window. 7. Close Control Panel. Conventions and Features in this Book This book uses conventions designed to make the information more readable and easier to follow. The book also includes features that contribute to a deeper understanding of the material. Conventions  ¦ Each exercise is a series of tasks. Each task is presented as a series of numbered steps. If a task has only one step, the step is indicated by a round bullet.  ¦ Notes labeled â€Å"tip† provide more information for completing a step successfully.  ¦ Notes labeled â€Å"important† alert you to information you need to check before continuing. The book uses typographic styles to help organize the information presented. The following table describes the styles used. Style Code Italics Used for Code that you type in Method argument or parameter Event Procedure Field Fully Qualified Name Keyword Method Property value Example ‘ Visual Basic Public Class Book End Class // Visual C# public class Book { } aBook showPage_Click m_sh elf SomeBook. Text Public, public, If, if GetPage listOfBooks Roman Other Features Boolean values Class name Control type Data type Event Form Namespace Parameter type Property True, true, False, false Book, Library, Train ListBox, TextBox String, string, Integer, int Click Form1 ReadBooks String, string, Integer, int Name Shaded sidebars throughout the book provide more in-depth information about the exercise. The sidebars might contain debugging tips, design tips, or topics you might want to explore further. Each chapter ends with a Quick Reference section. The Quick Reference provides a brief review of the syntax and techniques presented in the chapter. Corrections, Comments, and Help Every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of this book and the contents of the practice files on the companion CD. Microsoft Press provides corrections and additional content for its books through the World Wide Web at http://www. microsoft. com/mspress/support/ If you have problems, comments, or ideas regarding this book or the companion CD, please send them to Microsoft Press. Send e-mail to mspinput@microsoft. com Or send postal mail to Microsoft Press Attn: Step by Step Series Editor One Microsoft Way Redmond, WA 98052-6399 Please note that support for the Visual Studio . NET software product itself is not offered through the preceding address. For help using Visual Studio . NET, visit http://support. microsoft. com. Visit the Microsoft Press World Wide Web Site You are also invited to visit the Microsoft Press World Wide Web site at http://www. microsoft. com/mspress/ You’ll find descriptions for the complete line of Microsoft Press books, information about ordering titles, notice of special features and events, additional content for Microsoft Press books, and much more. You can also find out the latest in Visual Studio . NET software developments and news from Microsoft Corporation at http://msdn. microsoft. com/vstudio/nextgen/ Check it out! Chapter 1: Writing Your First Object-Oriented Program Overview ESTIMATED TIME 2 hr. 30 min. In this chapter, you’ll learn how to  ¦ Decide which classes to implement in your program.  ¦ Create a class with fields, properties, and methods. Use a class in an application.  ¦ Use Microsoft Visual Studio . NET tools to create a class definition. Classes are the building blocks of object-oriented programs. Object-oriented program design is driven by the objects in the problem you need to solve. If your goal is to automate class registration, you might create classes for the instructor, student , and class schedule objects. Objects also have properties that describe them and their behavior. These are implemented as properties and methods of a class. Just as an instructor has a name, so does the Instructor class have a Name property. To assign a student to a class, you’d need to find an open section in the schedule. So your ClassSchedule class might implement a FindOpenSection method. The method would likely check the variable, called a field, in the class in which you’ve stored information about sections. In this chapter, you’ll learn how to identify the objects in your problem domain and their properties and behaviors (methods). Using this analysis, you’ll design and implement the classes using property and method programming constructs. You’ll then declare and initialize the variables of the classes you’ve coded. Finally, you’ll implement the solution to your problem by calling the properties and methods of the class variables. Reading Books: Your First Object-Oriented Program Your task in this chapter is to implement a program that displays large text files in page- size pieces. Typically, your task begins with a specification, perhaps complete, perhaps not. The specification for Chapter 1 follows: You have downloaded on your computer the text of several books. You want to be able to select a book and read one particular page at a time. You also want to be able to set the length of a page. You’ve already decided which user interface you want to use; it’s shown here: As you look at the user interface, you can see that you need to add some controls to a Windows form: a ListBox, a RichTextBox, two NumericUpDown controls, and some labels. How will you store the texts of the books? How will you fill the list? How will you retrieve the correct page of the book that you want to read? You can use object-oriented programming to answer these questions. Designing the Classe s Before you can implement your classes, you must decide which classes you need. First you look for the objects in the problem. Having found the objects, you then look for properties, which are characteristics or qualities that belong to the object, and methods, which are behaviors of the object. You can choose from many ways to design the classes in an application. The approach presented here begins with a textual analysis of the problem. The nouns are selected as candidates for classes, while verbs become candidates for the methods. In the course of the analysis, you’ll eliminate many of the nouns as candidates, and you might discover classes that aren’t among the nouns in the specification. After you determine the objects, properties, and methods that belong to your classes, you can then write the class specification that you’ll use in the implementation. Find the classes . Read the problem statement, and find all the nouns. You have downloaded on your computer the text of several books. You want to be able to select a book and read one particular page at a time. You also want to be able to set the length of a page. 2. Eliminate candidates. Reasons to eliminate a candidate include  ¦ The class based on the noun would have only properties or only meth ods.  ¦ The class based on the noun wouldn’t be relevant to the problem.  ¦ The class based on the noun wouldn’t represent one object. You can eliminate the irrelevant candidates: computer and time. Length (of a page) is merely an integer value and wouldn’t generate enough behavior to qualify as a class. The same is true of text in this example—the only thing to be done with it is to display a piece of it, a page. By the same reasoning, page is also not a class. That leaves book and books. Books is just the plural of book , so you are left only with book as a potential class. But you aren’t finished yet. 3. Search for missing candidates. Consider this specification, â€Å"The dealer deals four cards to each player. There’s no mention of a deck of cards, although deck is a likely class in that problem. Remember eliminating books? Another class does, in fact, represent the properties and behavior of a group of books. You can call this class Library. The library concept is different from the book concept. A book has a title and text and can be read. A library contains many books, which can be checked out and returned. Left with the Book and Library classes, you can now search for properties and methods. Find the methods and properties 1. Read the problem statement, and find all the verbs. You can leave out the helping verbs, such as is, was, and have. As in the case of the nouns, textual analysis of verbs is just the starting point for finding the methods. You have downloaded on your computer the text of several books. You want to be able toselect a book and read one particular page at a time. You also want to be able to set the length of a page. 2. Consider each verb. Is it a method, or does it indicate a method? Is it relevant to the problem? Downloaded and want are clearly irrelevant to the problem. Select is an operation of the Library class. In a real library, this action would correspond to finding a book on the shelf and checking it out. So the Library has a CheckOut method. There’s also a hidden property here because a book needs a title. Read is an operation of the Book class. This method allows you to read one particular page, so it can be named GetPage. The verb set indicates that a property needs to be changed, and that property is the length of a page, PageLength. 3. The same nouns that you eliminated as classes might in fact be properties of those classes. Text, length (of a page), and page were eliminated as classes. A book does need text, so Text becomes a property of Book. You discovered that PageLength is a property in considering the verb set. Page represents one section of the text and represents the result of the GetPage operation, so it isn’t a property. 4. Look for missing properties and methods. If you’re going to check books out of the library, you need a way to add books to the library and return the checked-out books. A CheckIn method will handle this. Testing the Class Design Reread the problem, and determine whether your classes, with their properties and methods, provide the functionality necessary to solve the problem. You have downloaded on your computer the text of several books. Do you have a way of storing and organizing several books? Yes, you can create one Book for each book and one Library to store them all. You want to be able to select a book and read one particular page at a time. Can you select one book and read one page? Yes, books can be selected by their titles, and the GetPage method retrieves one page. You also want to be able to set the length of a page. Can you set the length of a page? Yes, the Book class has a PageLength property. The results are shown in the following table. The methods are shown as they might be declared in Visual Basic. Class Book Properties Integer PageLengt h Methods GetPage (pageNumber As Integer) As String Class Library Creating the Book Class Properties String Text String Title Methods CheckIn (aBook As Book) CheckOut(title As String) As Book The following exercise covers the basics of class implementation using the Book class as an example. To implement the Library class, you’ll use some of the development tools provided by the Microsoft Visual Studio . NET integrated development environment (IDE). Create the book class 1. In the IDE, click the File menu, point to New, and then click Project. The New Project dialog box opens. 2. Select Visual Basic Projects or Visual C# Projects in the Project Types tree, click Windows Application in the Templates list. 3. Enter ReadBooks in the Name box, and click OK. 4. Display the Solution Explorer by selecting Solution Explorer on the View menu. Click the ReadBooks project in the Solution Explorer. 12. On the Project menu, click Add Class. The Add New Item dialog box appears, as shown here: 13. Enter either Book. vb or Book. cs in the Name box, depending on the language you are using. Note that the class name begins with a capital letter and is singular. 14. Click Open. The IDE adds a file to your project. The file includes the basic definition of a class, as shown in the following two screen shots. The Visual Basic class contains the minimum for a class declaration. Here’s the syntax for declaring a class in Visual Basic: Class ClassName End Class In this case, the class is named Book. The IDE adds the Public modifier that’s shown to indicate that the class can be used throughout the project. The Visual C# class contains the class declaration as well as a constructor. Here’s the syntax for declaring a class in C#: class ClassName {} A constructor contains code to initialize the fields of a class and perform other class initialization fun‘ctions. In C#, it has the same name as the class. A constructor isn’t required. I’ll talk more about constructors in Chapter 2, â€Å"Creating Class Instances with Constructors. † Add the Text and PageLength fields A field is a variable declared in a class block. Fields can be any . NET data type, such as Integer or Boolean; . NET class, such as TextBox or ListBox; or any class that you have created. 1. Locate the beginning of the class definition. In Visual Basic, the class definition begins immediately after the line that shows the class name. In Visual C#, the class definition begins after the opening curly brace of the class. 2. Add the following code inside the class to create Text and PageLength fields. 3. ‘ Visual Basic Public Text As String = â€Å"† Public PageLength As Integer = 10 // Visual C# public string Text = â€Å"†;p public int PageLength = 10; Tip By convention, the initial letters of names of public members (fields, properties, methods, and events) of a class are capitalized (Textfield) or are intercapitalized (PageLength field). According to the code, you have specified initial values for the fields: the empty string for Text and 10 for PageLength. A basic tenet of object-oriented programming is that an object should maintain a consistent state. That means that the state of the object (the values of its fields) should represent a usable state. If you didn’t initialize the fields, values would default to â€Å"† for the Text field and 0 for the PageLength field. If those were acceptable values for a book, you could leave them uninitialized. But because compilers and their default values change, you can prevent maintenance problems by initializing the fields. Your client code (the code that uses a Book object) is able to read and write to any field declared with the public keyword (Public in Visual Basic and public in Visual C#). Providing direct access to the class data is a violation of the object-oriented principle of information hiding, which stipulates that the client has no knowledge of the underlying data structure of an object. In the next section, you’ll learn how to allow the client code to get and set the Title of the Book without giving away details about the implementation. Add the Title property A property is a programming construct that allows your code to get and set a value. Typically, the code in the property constructor will get and set the value of a private field in the class. In client code, a public field and a property are used in the same way—for example, SomeBook. Text and SomeBook. Title. 1. Add the following code to the Book class after the Text and PageLength declarations. 2. Private m_title As String ‘ Visual Basic private string m_title; // Visual C# This code creates a private field in the Book class. Client code doesn’t have access to this property. Tip Private fields of a class are declared using the m_ prefix to identify them as member data. Private field names aren’t capitalized. 3. Add the following code to the Book class, after the m_title declaration. 4. ‘ Visual Basic 5. Public Property Title() As String 6. Get 7. Return m_title 8. End Get 9. Set(ByVal value As String) 10. m_title = value 11. End SetEnd Property 12. // Visual C# 13. public string Title { 14. get { 15. return m_title; 16. } 17. set { 18. m_title = value; 19. }} These syntax blocks define class properties. The Title property appears in the IntelliSense drop-down list just like any other property, such as the familiar TextBox. Text or Form. Backcolor. The property block allows you to control access to the property. You can add validation code to the Set block to ensure that only reasonable values are assigned to the underlying m_title field. Note Please notice an important difference between fields and properties. A place is reserved in memory for fields. They contain the actual data of the class. Properties provide access to the data but are not data themselves. In this book, I use the word set to mean changing a property. I use the word get to mean retrieving the value of a property. The Get and Set blocks of a property can be called getters and setters, or accessors . The property block is more flexible than you’ve seen here. Properties can be public or private, read/write, read-only, or write-only. In Visual Basic, the property statements can even take a parameter. By the way, I cover properties in detail inChapter 2, but I need to talk about them at least a little bit in this chapter. A Little Bit About Properties We can use the word properties, in a general object-oriented sense, to mean the descriptive information about an object. We can also use properties to mean the particular syntactic construct provided by Visual Basic and C#. The particular meaning of the word can be determined by context. Use properties to validate class data and hide class implementation. You have to make a strong case for using public fields in a class. The addition of a property to a class to control access to the underlying data requires minimal effort. The benefit of this practice is that you can easily add validation or change the implementation if you need to without affecting clients already using your objects. Add the GetPage method  ¦ Add the GetPage method to the class definition after the field declarations. ‘ Visual Basic Public Function GetPage(ByVal pageNumber As Integer) As String Dim start As Integer = (pageNumber -1) * PageLength If (start Text. Length) And (start = 0) Then If (start + PageLength) Text. Length Then Return Text. Substring(start, PageLength) Else Return Text. Substring(start, Text. Length – start) End If Else Return â€Å"† End IfEnd Function // Visual C# public string GetPage(int pageNumber) { int start = (pageNumber – 1) * PageLength; if ((start Text. Length) (start = 0)) { if ((start + PageLength) Text. Length) { return Text. Substring(start, PageLength); } else { return Text. Substring(start, Text. Length – start); } } else { return â€Å"†; }} In Chapter 3, â€Å"Fields and Properties,† you’ll see how we can replace the GetPage method with a construct known as an indexer in Visual C# or with a default Item method in Visual Basic. The complete class definitions for our project are shown here: ‘ Visual Basic Public Class Book Public Text As String = â€Å"† Public PageLength As Integer = 10 Private m_title As String Public Property Title() As String Get Return m_title End Get Set(ByVal Value As String) m_title = Value End Set End Property Public Function GetPage(ByVal pageNumber As Integer) As String Dim start As Integer = (pageNumber – 1) * PageLength If (start Text. Length) And (start = 0) Then If (start + PageLength) Text. Length Then Return Text. Substring(start, PageLength) Else Return Text. Substring(start, Text. Length – start) End If Else Return â€Å"† End If End FunctionEnd Class // Visual C#using System;namespace ReadBooks{ /// /// Summary description for Book. /// public class Book { public string Text = â€Å"†; public int PageLength = 10; private string m_title; public Book() { // // TODO: Add constructor logic here // } public string Title { get { return m_title; } set { m_title = value; } } ublic string GetPage(int pageNumber) { int start = (pageNumber – 1) * PageLength; if ((start Text. Length) (start = 0)) { if ((start + PageLength) Text. Length) { return Text. Substring(start, PageLength); } else { return Text. Substring(start, Text. Length – start); } } else { return â€Å"†; } } }} Fields, properties, methods, and constructors can appear in any order in a class definition. Good organization benefits future readers of your code. Here’s a common organization and, in fact, the one I used in this book:  ¦ Field declarations  ¦ Constructors  ¦ Properties  ¦ Methods Using the Book Class in an Application You’ve just finished implementing the Book class. The class definition is just a template for an object. To put data in the fields and properties, you have to create an instance of the class in memory; this action is known as instantiation. When you create an instance, a section of memory is set aside to hold the fields of the object. If you create another instance of the class, another section of memory is set aside for its fields. You aren’t going to implement the full solution yet. First you need to write some code to test your class. You’ll create two instances of the Book class in the ReadBooks project, and you’ll display the fourth page of each book. (These will be very short books. ) You’ll create a cookbook and a book of fairy tales, so you’ll need to create two separate instances of the Book class. Instead of creating a fancy interface, you’ll write just enough code to see whether your class is working as you expected. Test Drivers A short program to test a class is called a driver. It’s a good idea to exercise your class a bit with a driver before adding the class to a larger program. Use the driver to test your class without the interference of other code in the program. Create an instance of Book 1. In the Solution Explorer, double-click Form1 to open it in the Windows form designer. If Form1 is opened in the code editor, select View, Designer. 2. Drag a button from the Toolbox onto Form1. If the Toolbox isn’t visible, select View, Toolbox. 3. Right -click the button, and click Properties on the shortcut menu. In the Properties window, set the Name property of the button to showPage and set the Text property to Show Page. The button on the Windows form is created from the Button class. Name and Text are properties of the Button class. So we can talk about getting and setting these properties. Form1 is a class as well, and the button you just created is a field of the Form1 class. 4. Double-click the button to create the Click event method. 5. Add the following code in boldface to the Click event to create a book of fairy tales. 6. ‘ Visual Basic 7. Private Sub showPage_Click(ByVal sender As System. Object, _ 8. ByVal e As System. EventArgs) Handles showPage. Click 9. Dim fairyTales As Book 10. fairyTales = New Book() 11. End Sub 12. // Visual C# 13. rivate void showPage_Click(object sender, System. EventArgs e) { 14. Book fairyTales; 15. fairyTales = new Book(); } 16. Add the following code to set the Text, PageLength, and Title properties immediately after the code you entered in step 5: 17. ‘ Visual Basic 18. fairyTales. Text = â€Å"Once upon a time there was a bear. † 19. fairyTales. PageLength = 8fairyTales. Title = â€Å"Fairy Tales† 20. // Visual C# 21. fairyTales. Text = â€Å"Once upon a time there was a bear. â€Å"; 22. fairyTales. PageLength = 8; fairyTales. Title = â€Å"Fairy Tales†; When the instance of Book is created, its fields contain the values specified in the class definition. The Text field is an empty string, the page length is 10, and the title is blank. Notice that it makes no difference in the client code whether you use a field or a property. 23. Add the following code after the fairyTales code to create another instance of the Book class. (This instance will be a recipe book. ) 24. ‘ Visual Basic 25. Dim cookies As Book = New Book() 26. cookies. Text = â€Å"Chocolate chip cookies are the most delicious co okies. † 27. ookies. PageLength = 8 28. cookies. Title = â€Å"Cookie Recipes† 29. // Visual C# 30. Book cookies = new Book(); 31. cookies. Text = â€Å"Chocolate chip cookies are the most delicious co okies. â€Å"; 32. cookies. PageLength = 8; cookies. Title = â€Å"Cookie Recipes†; In this case, you used a different syntax for declaring and initializing a variable of the Book class. Visual Basic and Visual C# allow declaration and initialization in the same statement. Declaring and initializing in the same statement has the following advantages:  ¦ Programmers are less likely to forget to initialize the variable. When a class defines a constructor with parameters, the fields can be initialized at the same time. (You’ll create constructors with parameters in Chapter 3. ) Use an instance of the Book class 1. Add the following code after the cookies code to display some of the text of the two books. In later chapters, you’ll learn other ways to return the text of a particular page in the book. 2. ‘ Visual Basic 3. Dim page As Integer = 3 4. Dim report As String 5. report = â€Å"Page † page. ToString() ControlChars. CrLf _ 6. fairyTales. Title â€Å": † fairyTales. GetPage(page) _ 7. ControlChars. CrLf _ 8. â€Å"Cookies: † cookies. GetPage(page) 9. MessageBox. Show(report) 10. report = â€Å"Titles: † + fairyTales. Title † and â₠¬  cookies. Title 11. MessageBox. Show(report) 12. // Visual C# 13. int page = 3; 14. string report; 15. report = â€Å"Page † + page. ToString() + † † 16. + fairyTales. Title + â€Å": † + fairyTales. GetPage(page) + † † 17. + cookies. Title + â€Å": † + cookies. GetPage(page); 18. MessageBox. Show(report); 19. report = â€Å"Titles: † + fairyTales. Title + † and † + cookies. Title; MessageBox. Show(report); This bit of code demonstrates that there are two separate instances of the Book class. We can refer to these instances using the variables fairyTales and cookies . The object-oriented concept that permits each instance to be referred to separately is known as identity. You’ll see in later chapters that the identity principle doesn’t mean that you have to create a variable for each instance. Creating so many variables is unwieldy if you need hundreds of instances of a class. Identity does mean that you can refer to each instance separately when you need to. Notice that when you created an instance of Book, the fields of fairyTales were changed and the GetPage method was called. Later on we retrieved the value of the Title property. The value of Title was unchanged after the GetPage method was called. The fact that the value was unchanged demonstrates the concept of object state, the idea that the fields retain their values between method calls. Compare the way the GetPage method works with a method that has variable declarations. After the GetPage method ends, the variables go out of scope and their values are lost to the application. 20. Press F5 to run the code. Click the Show Page button. The results are shown here: Click OK, and the book titles are displayed in a message box as shown here: Click OK, and then close the application. You’ve now created a class, Book, and two instances of it. Your code sent a message to the Book class through the GetPage method to ask for the third page of the text. In the next sections, you’ll implement another class, Library. This time, however, you’ll let some of the IDE tools do some of the syntactic work for you. Using the Class View The IDE provides a Class View that displays a tree view of the class structure of the project, namespaces, and classes. The Class View can share the same window as the Solution Explorer. On the View menu, click Class View to open the Class View. The expanded Class View is shown below for Visual Basic and Visual C#, respectively. The highest-level node represents the project, ReadBooks. The next level of nodes represents the namespaces in the project. A project can contain several namespaces; in this case, there’s only one. The project namespace contains two classes: the class that we created, Book, and the class for the Windows form, Form1. The Book class contains two public fields, PageLength and Text, epresented by blue blocks, and one private field, m_ti How to cite Object Oriented Programming in Different Languages, Essay examples

Midnight Ride of Paul Revere… Accurate or Not free essay sample

â€Å"The Midnight Ride of Paul Revere† is a well-written poem by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow telling the tale of Paul Revere’s bravery before the battles of Lexington and Concord. Though a lot of the poem is accurate, parts of it are missing details, or the details have been changed, to make Revere look like more of a hero. At the beginning of the poem, Longfellow talks about how Paul Revere was standing on the opposite shore of the old North Church, ready to ride. However, what he failed to mention was that Revere was not the only rider; there were dozens of others! Also, Paul Revere was not actually waiting on the shores across the Church, but in bed. Dr. Joseph Warren had to wake him up before Revere could go. Revere himself did not even see the lanterns hung up! Once Revere actually started to take off, he was rowed across the river by two friends before he borrowed someone else’s horse and began his journey towards Lexington and onwards. We will write a custom essay sample on Midnight Ride of Paul Revere†¦ Accurate or Not? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page After warning many houses and villages of the British (which the poem correctly states), Revere goes to Lexington to warn Samuel Adams and John Hancock that the British are trying to capture them (not mentioned in poem). From there, Revere continued with William Dawes towards Concord, where they also meet Samuel Prescott, who continues the ride with them (both men were not mentioned in the poem). At this point, the author has changed some of the details completely. In reality, a British Patrol stops all three men, and Revere is captured. Unlike the poem, he does not actually go on to Concord, but Dawes and Prescott do. Revere escaped later on in the night, but never saw the beginning of the battle of Lexington. However, there were some accurate parts of â€Å"Midnight Ride of Paul Revere† as well. The colonists did use the motto â€Å"one if by land, two if by sea†. Though the lantern signals had been the back up plan, not the original one, the old North Church tower was where the lanterns were hung. Most of the times for when things happened were also accurate, as well as the fact that the British did come by sea. Paul Revere did get to Lexington as the poem mentioned, just not in time for the first part of the battle. As you can see, the poem â€Å"Midnight Ride of Paul Revere† over-exaggerates the details on Paul Revere. Americans sometimes believe that Paul Revere was the only midnight rider because of the inaccurate details of this poem. Nevertheless, we must think about the author. His goal was not only to create a piece of history, but also to create an American hero†¦ Which he successfully accomplished.

The modern age Essay Example For Students

The modern age Essay Salo Baron: â€Å"The Modern Age†In the excerpts presented in Glatzer from Salo Baron’s essay, â€Å"The Modern Age,† Baron describes his vision for the future of American Jewry. He questions whether an outbreak of anti-semitism will ultimately bring an end to Jewish life in America or, whether the American political system is such that that would be difficult. He says that some argue that an economic depression would once again make American Jewry what they had been so many times before, a scapegoat. Yet, his answer to that claim is,†while it is possible that some cataclismic anti-Jewish upheaval might some day put an end to American Jewry, it does not appear likely,† (Baron, 735). He also dismantles the claim that such an â€Å"upheaval† would be the result of a low economic period, citing examples in American history where inspite of a recession, anti-Semitism did not become more prevalent.He goes on to warn America’s Jews that assimi lation will not free them of their Jewishness. Regardless of what they absorb fromt the surrounding culture or how devoted they are to their nation, ultimately others will still see them as Jews. He says that those who opt to ignore their past will not shed themselves of their Jewishness, but rather suffer all of its misfortunes, without benefiting from its â€Å"magnificent heritage,† (Baron, 736). For this too he cites examples from the Jewish past, the most obvious one, being that this essay was written in 1956, was German Jewry and the Holocaust. Ultimately, Baron questions what American Jewry will have become in one century, being that neither complete assimilation, nor an anti-Semitic upheaval, are likely scenarios. He does not give an answer. What he says instead is that the Jewish community in America must focus on quality, not quantity. They must stop concentrating on material things and instead work to develop their Jewish culture which was so quickly deteriorating. Interestingly, Maimonides had argued precisely the same thing eight centuries earlier. Baron’s final contention is that American Jewry needs leadership. They need people to shape the cultural, social and religious future of Diaspora life.Bibliography: We will write a custom essay on The modern age specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now

Oral and Verbal - Commonly Confused Words

Oral and Verbal - Commonly Confused Words The adjective oral means pertaining to speech or to the mouth. (The homophone aural, by the way, refers to listening and hearing.) The adjective verbal means pertaining to words, whether written or spoken (though verbal is sometimes treated as a synonym for oral). See the usage notes below. In traditional grammar, the noun verbal refers to a verb form that functions as a noun or a modifier rather than as a verb. Examples of Oral and Verbal Oral language has existed much longer than written language, and most people speak more often than they read or write. (Elizabeth Coelho, Adding English: A Guide to Teaching in Multilingual Classrooms, 2004)Although candidates with defective foreign speech were likely to be screened out early on by teacher training programs, even well-spoken Jewish immigrant girls frequently failed the oral exam. (Joyce Antler, The Journey Home: Jewish Women and the American Century. The Free Press, 1997)Copy is the verbal portion of an advertisement and may include headlines, sub-headlines, body copy, and signature. (William Pride and O.C. Ferrell, Marketing, 2006)Jargon is the verbal sleight of hand that makes the old hat seem newly fashionable. (David Lehman, Signs of the Times, 1991) Usage Notes [A]ll language is verbal, but only speech is oral. (Henry Hitchings, The Language Wars: A History of Proper English. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2011)Oral communication is speech, conversation. Verbal ability is ones skill with words, and the verbal section of the SAT, the college entrance examination, tests a high school students knowledge of written language. . . .Verbal and oral are now so inextricably confounded that the tautological phrase verbal and written has become entrenched: The position requires . . . strong verbal and written communication skills (RenewableEnergyWorld.com) . . ..This may seem like a morass, but dont despair. Avoiding this accident of style is easier than you may think. Just remember that oral refers to spoken words, written refers to written words, and verbal refers to anything expressed in words, whether spoken or written. (Charles Harrington Elster, The Accidents of Style: Good Advice on How Not to Write Badly. St. Martins Press, 2010) Verbal  Redundancies The misuse of verbal for oral has a long history and is still common. Nevertheless, the distinction is worth fighting for, especially in legal prose. . . .Because verbal is always used in reference to words, verbal definition is redundant, as there can be no definition without words. . . . Similarly, verbal is redundant in such phrases as verbal promise, verbal denial, verbal affirmation, and verbal criticism, as these activities usually cannot occur without words. (Bryan A. Garner, A Dictionary of Modern Legal Usage, 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, 1995) Practice Exercise Test your knowledge of the difference between oral and verbal by filling in the correct word. (a) Like Corso, Ray had spent his time in jail reading, writing poetry, and educating himself. His poetry was designed to be the _____ equivalent of jazz. (Bill Morgan, The Typewriter Is Holy: The Complete, Uncensored History of the Beat Generation, 2010)(b) It would be unlawful for an employer to administer a written employment test to an individual who has informed the employer, prior to the administration of the test, that he is dyslexic and unable to read. In such a case, the employer should reasonably accommodate the applicants disability by administering an _____ test as an alternative. (Margaret P. Spencer, The Americans With Disabilities Act: Description and Analysis. Human Resource Management and the Americans With Disabilities Act, 1995) Answers to Practice Exercises (a) Like Corso, Ray had spent his time in jail reading, writing poetry, and educating himself. His poetry was designed to be the  verbal  equivalent of jazz. (Bill Morgan,  The Typewriter Is Holy: The Complete, Uncensored History of the Beat Generation, 2010)(b) It would be unlawful for an employer to administer a written employment test to an individual who has informed the employer, prior to the administration of the test, that he is dyslexic and unable to read. In such a case, the employer should reasonably accommodate the applicants disability by administering an  oral  test as an alternative. (Margaret P. Spencer, The Americans With Disabilities Act: Description and Analysis.  Human Resource Management and the Americans With Disabilities Act, 1995) Answers to Practice Exercises: oral and verbal. (a) Like Corso, Ray had spent his time in jail reading, writing poetry, and educating himself. His poetry was designed to be the verbal equivalent of jazz.(Bill Morgan, The Typewriter Is Holy: The Complete, Uncensored History of the Beat Generation, 2010)(b) It would be unlawful for an employer to administer a written employment test to an individual who has informed the employer, prior to the administration of the test, that he is dyslexic and unable to read. In such a case, the employer should reasonably accommodate the applicants disability by administering an oral test as an alternative.(Margaret P. Spencer, The Americans With Disabilities Act: Description and Analysis. Human Resource Management and the Americans With Disabilities Act, 1995) Glossary of Usage: Index of Commonly Confused Words 200 Homonyms, Homophones, and Homographs

CAREER PLAN Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

CAREER PLAN - Essay Example As Watkins notes, â€Å"First and foremost, career choice reflects an implementation of life-style; it involves putting the life-style into practice via one’s career†.4 The reflective nature of the process that follows is designed to get you thinking about the meaning of work and of careers within your life.5 If you have trouble articulating responses to individual questions then you may wish to have a person who you trust ask these questions of you, and record your responses. You could then edit, and further expand on, your responses as needed. You will be evaluated on: (1) Completing all sections (2) How well written it is; (3) How comprehensive it is; and (4) The extent to which you bring in other resources relating to career planning in your writing. You should save a version of this file at a location where you can work on it. When you are ready to submit this part of your Career Plan, go to the Assignments Link in Oncourse, and submit it as an attachment. The articles listed below or those posted in the â€Å"Resources† folder on Oncourse may help you in thinking about the below question. Students who make effective use of these and other relevant resources will receive higher grades for this assignment. Developing an understanding of your personality is important to developing interests will help to identify aspects that either impede or promote your ability to engage in a rewarding career path. Understanding your personality type will also better prepare you with the knowledge to engage in a path based on personal intrinsic/internal motivation. Complete the KeirseyTemperament Sorter-II (KTS-II)6 personality assessment using the following link: Idealists, as a temperament, are passionately concerned with personal growth and development. Idealists strive to discover who they are and how they can become their best possible self -- always this quest for self-knowledge and self-improvement drives their

CUSTOMER SATISFACTION IN INTERNET BANKING Essay

CUSTOMER SATISFACTION IN INTERNET BANKING - Essay Example More evidences and marks of banking activities are found in the ancient times as well. In fact, the word digs its origins back to the Ancient Roman Empire, where the moneylenders used to set up their stalls in the middle of enclosed courtyards called macella on a long bench called a bancu, from which the words banco and bank are finally derived. The merchant of the bancu, being a moneychanger, simply converted foreign money the Imperial Mint, the sole legal Roman tender. He did not invest a lot of money. (Matyszak & Philip 2007). A banker or bank has been in the status of a formal financial institution whose primary activity is to serve as a payment agent for customers to borrow and lend. The name of the first modern bank was Banco di San Giorgio or the Bank of St. George which was established in Italy at Genoa during the year 1406. As the human life style started ticking faster, the modes of transaction also indicated a shift to fit in the pace of the human wants, movements of goods and services and the time value factor that became crucial. The paper is concentrating on the aspect of one of the modern banking pattern; most contemporary and commonly known as the internet banking and the customer satisfaction in its service. The precursor for the modern day’s home or office based internet banking services were the distance banking services over electronic media from the early 80s. the late eighties saw the popularity of internet rise and this brought with it the utility of a keyboard, monitor and terminal. The phone might or might not have been used in the process. Home banking can also refer to the use of a numeric keypad to transmit tones through a phone line with instructions to the bank. In 1981 four banking giants of New York, Citibank, Chase Manhattan, Chemical and Manufacturers Hanover began to re nder home banking service through the application of internet and this marked the

Personal statement, Career and Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Personal statement, Career and Education - Essay Example I am attracted to the University of Las Vegas because of the faculty, the curriculum, and particularly because of the opportunities for hands-on training and education. Actually, I have been interested in the research and the application of scientific techniques to the health care field for many years. At Santa Ana College, for instance, I studied Pharmacy Technology in addition to focusing on chemistry and biology. Even before I decided to earn my degree in chemical engineering, I was interested in how my scientific background might be applied in the health care environment. My attractions to this field of study are essentially twofold. As an initial matter, I am fascinated by problem-solving projects. Using my theoretical knowledge to diagnose conditions and to resolve problems is an extraordinarily fulfilling task. Second, knowing that people would benefit medically from my research and work is also attractive. Ideally, I would like to use my education and training as a basis for further research. My goal is to become an expert in the field and to pursue advanced study. As mentioned before, I have a particular interest in research and development. I am interested in publishing and perhaps becoming an instructor in the future.

Managing Organisational Change And Affect An Organisation Business Essay

Managing Organisational Change And Affect An Organisation Business Essay Introduction: Todays business environment produces change in the workplace more suddenly and frequently than ever before. Mergers, acquisitions, new technology, restructuring and downsizing are all factors that contribute to a growing climate of uncertainty. Jobs, health, even marriages can be placed at risk, jeopardizing productivity and profitability. Specially in last five years many businesses has seen unpredictable changes, which have lead them to many possible worst or good outcome, like sell-out, closing down the business or cutting down the staff, low productivity etc. For some businesses changes have been positive and growth and success has been achieved. In this task one we will look at three organizations namely Santander, Pound land and Car phone warehouse. Objectives: Main objective of the task 1 is to study the changes those have been taken place in above named three companies. Secondary study the current position of these organizations in the current market and thirdly outline the positive and negative outcomes of changes. From: Marketing Consultant To: Board of Directors Date:- Subject: Changes in Last years and Outcome of those Changes 1. Santander Nature of Business Current position: The Santander Group is the fourth largest bank in the world by profits and eighth by stock market capitalization. Santander is one of the worlds biggest retail and commercial bank, based in Spain, with operations in more than 40 countries. Founded in 1857, Santander had EUR 1,168 billion in managed funds at the end of 2008. Santander is the largest financial group in Spain and Latin America, with leading positions in the UK and Portugal and broad presence in Europe through its Santander Consumer Finance arm. In year 2008 Santander registered EUR 8,876 million in net attributable profit, an increase of 9% from previous year excluding capital gain. Its vision is to consolidate itself as a large international financial group, which provides an increasingly high return to its shareholders and meets the financial needs of its customers. In order to achieve this, it combines strong presence in local markets with corporate policies and global capacities . To achieve its vision Santander has gone through many changes mainly mergers and acquisition. http://www.santander.com/csgs/Satellite?pagename=SANCorporativo/GSDistribuidora/SC_Index Changes in five years: Over the five years Santander has done many mergers and acquisitions in UK. In UK before 2004 Santander group has very less presence. So in 2004 they acquired deal with Abbey. In September 2008, Santander acquired Bradford and Bingleys saving and branch network and in October 2008 they acquired Alliance and Leicester. Both acquisitions were part of their growth strategy in UK and their goal to become the best commercial bank in the UK. By doing so now Santander has more than 1000 branches all over the country for its customers and more and effective banking products to get advantage over its customers. http://www.aboutsantander.co.uk/csgs/Satellite?pagename=AboutAbbey/GSDistribuidora/PAAI_home Positive Outcome: When an organization undergo any changes there are quite possibility of positive and negative outcome. There are so many positive out-comes for Santander in UK, which are mentioned below:  ·Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Strong banking presence in UK  ·Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  More than 1000 branches and 4500 cash machines  ·Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  25 million customer base  ·Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Benefits for customer improved products and it has created customer friendly environment in UK banking environment  ·Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  It has become third largest deposit taker and second largest mortgage lender in the UK. Negative Outcome: Still now there are not many negative out-come for Santander in UK market but we can say economic condition is still improving and Santander has to go long way in UK market cause they are facing stiff competition from the banks like Barclays, Lloyds TSB, HSBC etc. As a group Santander has become very complex in size. Pound land: Nature of Business and Current position: Pound land was established in April 1990, with funds provided by the multi-million pound sale of an international wholesaling business. Pound lands retailing concepts is extremely simple: a range of more than 3000 items, each offered for sale at only  £1 each representing amazing value for money. They opened first store in Octagon Centre, Burton-upon-Trent in December 1990, followed by new stores in High street, Meadow hall and other quality trading locations. Since then Pound land has 233 stores in UK with 3500 employees. Pound land operates in a Retail Sector, where it provides tough competition to its competitors. Pound land provides all the home related products from chocolate, biscuits, major drinks like coke, Pepsi. They also provide Stationery, toys and other kitchen and bathroom related equipments. Pound lands biggest sale advantage is their price consistency across all products. While other retailers must decide upon the price of e ach individual product and have this clearly displayed to their customers, pound land may simply move stock onto its shelves from their warehouses, so customers know how much a product cost. Change took place and Outcome: In last five years major change has taken place in pound land, internally and externally. When VAT was introduced, in November 2008 to 15%, Pound lands prices remained fixed at  £1m, it is because they kept the price point of  £1 for 18 years and during that time they have cut down on duty and suppliers cost. They said they will pass the saving on customers. Other external change was its competitors. There are not much competition for Pound land apart from small shops and 99p store ltd. http://www.poundland.co.uk/corporate-information/ Car-phone Warehouse: Nature of the Business and current position: The Car Phone warehouse Group was founded in 1989 by Charles Dun stone as a UK mobile phone retailer, in the following eight years, the business grew organically and opened its first branches elsewhere in Western Europe in 1996, the business supplemented this organic growth with a series of acquisition both in the UK and Western Europe and now has a portfolio of 2453 stores across nine European countries of which 2231 are owned and 222 are franchised. Car phone Warehouse provides large number of mobile pay as you go and pay monthly phones, it also provides laptop and broadband and other accessories. Over the years it has developed many contracts with mobile phone providers such as Virgin Mobile, T Mobile, 3 Mobile, O2, Vodafone, Orange etc. Car phone Warehouse believes in Wireless world and By March 2010 40 to 50 wireless stores are planned, including mix of new stores. Car phone Warehouse has enjoyed its success in last 10 years because o f their sales strategy and customer service. Changes and Outcome: In last 5 years CPW has gone through many changes one of them is Virgin Mobile France, In April 2006, Virgin Mobile France was launched as a joint venture between the Car phone Warehouse Group and Virgin Group. On 14 December 2009, Virgin Mobile France completed the acquisition of Tele 2, consolidating its position as Frances largest MVNO and fourth largest mobile operator in France, with 1.7 million customers. Other changes were because of economic condition, where in last three years market growth is slow, customers has become very choosy about the product and money minded. Still the outcome is positive for the CPW, it is one of the highest mobile sellers in Europe, It has wide range of customers all across Europe, the profit margins has been gone up since 2007. The Brand itself has become very popular. http://www.cpwplc.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=123964p=irol-home Conclusion: In last five years above companies have gone through many management or organizational changes. Organizations like Santander and Car phone Warehouse has seen many positives and negative outcomes, and small organization like Pound land has also seen market changes in current economic climate but overall its beneficial for the all the companies. Task 2:- Bureaucratic Organizations Introduction: Crozier (1964, p 187) suggests that A bureaucratic organization is an organization that can not correct its behaviors by learning from its errors. Normally Bureaucratic organizations are those government agencies, where work needs be done from department to departments. But today bureaucratic organizations are really big organizations where they are very complex in size, their hierarchy is really complicated, have unhappy employees etc. In this Task 2, two bureaucratic organizations IKEA and Virgin Group will be studied; over last many years what changes have been taken place and how these big companies have handled those changes? Objectives: In task 2, Current positioning and How bureaucratic organizations like IKEA and Virgin Group performs, their strengths and weaknesses, changes which has been taken place, how the changes has been taken place and whether they were beneficial or not will be studied. From: Marketing Consultant To: Board of Directors Date:- Subject: Bureaucratic Organizations IKEA and Virgin Group 1) IKEA (Efficiency through which IKEA run) Over the last sixty years IKEA offers wide range of furniture to its customers. IKEA is a bureaucratic organization with offices and store in more than 25 countries. The IKEA story began in 1943 in the small village of Agunnaryd in Sweden, when founder Ingvar Kamprad was Just 17. Since then, the IKEA group has grown into a major retail experience with 123,000 co-workers in 25 countries generating annual sales of more than 21.5 billion euros. To maintain the big brand name it has also got the big work force different areas of businesses. It has 13800 people working in purchasing, distribution and wholesale range while 15000 and 94200 workers working in Swedwood and retail area respectively. It has also got very systematic distribution chain. It has 28 distribution centers and 11 customer distribution centers in 16 countries. Impact on environment and reaction to change: Over the six decades IKEA has gone though many organizational changes like business expansion in many new markets like USA, China, and Whole Europe etc. It has also developed many different products to sustained market growth and customer satisfaction. It operates in wide range of products comprises from Living room furniture to textiles. It has also got various other sections like bedroom, kitchen and childrens IKEA, which actually gives them the edge over their competitors. It has also started to operate in franchise system. Firstly to understand the working efficiency of big organizations it is must to understand the mission statement of that organization. A mission statement may be a phrase, sentence, or document which attempts to sum up a companys corporate goals (long-term), in a way in which it may create a common purpose for all the stakeholders for the business. To date, IKEAs vision statement is: to create a better everyday life for the many people. Whilst its business idea, as stated by the IKEA group website is to offer a wide range of well-designed, functional, home furnishing products at prices so low that as many people as possible can afford them. For the employees and managers of IKEA, the mission statement aims to motivate and inspire the staff as one, in order to achieve other financial goals and aims. Strength and Weaknesses IKEAs strength is given below:  ·Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  A strong global brand  ·Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  A clear vision  ·Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Strong concept  ·Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Democratic design (the equal balance of function, quality, design and price) IKEAs weaknesses are given below:  ·Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  The size and scale of its business  ·Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  The demand for low-cost products  ·Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  The need to keep the public and IKEA stakeholders well informed about its environmental activities.  ·Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Cultural change The first weakness for a bureaucratic organization is the size and scale of its business. IKEA is a large organization, so it is difficult to maintain and keep track of its global activities and it will make difficult to handle its operations. As IKEA is offering low cost, good quality furniture to its customers it is really difficult to maintain low cost against quality. http://www.ikea.com/ms/en_US/about_ikea/facts_and_figures/about_ikea_group/index.html 2) Virgin Group (Efficiency through which it operates): Virgin is a leading branded venture capital organization and is one of the worlds most recognized and respected brands. Conceived in 1970 by Sir Richard Branson, the Virgin Group has gone on to grow very successful businesses in sectors ranging from mobile telephone to transportation, travel, financial services, media, music and fitness. As a group Virgin has created more than 300 branded companies worldwide, employing approximately 50,000 people, in 30 countries. It has its revenues in 2009 exceeded  £11.5 billion. Virgin believes in making a difference. Virgin stands for value for money, quality, innovation, fun and a sense of competitive challenge. Impact on their environment: Virgin has always considered themselves to be a responsible business, and whilst taking environmental and social pressures of world. Virgins mission statement which can be seen in their growth is Looked for new, innovative ways to do business by offering consumers another way, a better way, and by being willing to fight their corner. In starting years whenever Virgin has started its new business, it had gone through really tough time but effective strategic management it has grown from one Office Company to group. One of the single most influence behind the company success is its founder Sir Richard Branson, his strategic decisions, long vision, forward thinking and risk taking ability had enable virgin to achieve the height of success they are enjoying now. How they react to changes: Virgin has very straight forward working pattern, their hierarchy is really simple, and they operate their businesses around their customer needs. When Virgin opened Virgin Atlantic they had very stiff competition from British Airways and other American airline companies. It had also seen very stiff competition in music industry. The strategy virgin has adopted over the year is known as strategy of unrelated diversification entering in to the new market. In Virgin Control was distributed in to the different divisions to gain effective organization. Virgin Strength and Weaknesses a. Price: Price is the main factor in Virgins success as a group, Virgin has always try to provide quality and good customer service at lower price or if they charge high for any product they keep their promises for their products b. Brand: As mentioned above Sir Richard Brandson is the big brand by himself and he had put lots of efforts to develop Virgin brand from jumping from the roof of American building to balloon flight across the Atlantic. c. Customer Service: As Virgin is operating in many industry and different products, customer service is the main strength of Virgin, as they tends to give all products under one roof service options to its customer. d. Democratic Design: As mentioned earlier Virgin has very simple operating structure, so it helps in quick decision making. And its avoid miscommunication. Weaknesses: Every big organization has one big weakness; it is their size so it is very difficult to maintain the balance between different departments. Secondly so many products, which virgin offers are bound to create misunderstanding among its customers. Thirdly the cultural change is the another weakness in the case of Virgin as its operates businesses in so many countries and it has 50000 employees over many countries, Virgin has to manage right culture mix approach, if they fail to do so, it will lead them to big problem in future. http://www.virgin.com/about-us/ Conclusion: Bureaucratic organizations are really complicated and there were many changes in IKEA and Virgin Group, but they have good hierarchy and management in place to handle those changes. They have enjoyed good current positioning in the market. Specially, because of current economic meltdown Virgin Airlines did go through tough time but as it got support from other virgin group companies, Virgin Airlines survive in the market. So these are the strengths and weaknesses of IKEA and Virgin Group companies. Task 3: Introduction: It is not the strongest of the species that survives, or the most intelligent that survives, it is the most adaptable to change Charles Darwn (1809-1882). Major organizational change should be avoided at all cost; it sucks up time, energy and emotion, distracts your main purpose, disrupts operations, annoys your people, undermines morale and rarely delivers the promised benefits. And if organization can adopt the change very quickly and efficiently they can surely taste the growth in near future. In Task 3, comparison between two organizations one from task 1 and one from task two will be given. Objectives: Objectives of task three: Understanding of Fordism concept Learn New and Better Methods of Managements Comparison between two organizations. From: Marketing Consultant To: Board of Directors Date:- Subject: Fordism concept and new management techniques with comparison Fordism Concept and Importance: Frodism, named after Henry Ford, refers to various social theories about production and related socio-economic phenomena. Berman (1982, p21) suggest that The essential meaning is that the worker must be paid higher wages in order to afford the products that the industrialist himself produces, causing an economy that runs full circle. Fordism was specifically modern modes of organizing labour which immediately suggest that this is all it was. Fordism concept, that is valuable for any organization because of its meaningful characteristics. Higher productivity is the main philosophy of manufacturing by doing standardizing the output, using conveyor assembly lines and breaking work into small de-skilled tasks. Taylorism seeks machine and worker efficiency, while fordism seeks to combine them as one unit. Now there is comparison between two organizations each one from task 1 and task 2. Organizational Development: According to Cummings and Worley Organizational development are both a professional field of social action and an area of scientific inquiry. The OD Covers wide spectrum of activities with seemingly endless variations upon them. Organization development refers to a long range effort to improve an organizations problem solving capabilities and its ability to cope with changes in its external environment with the help of external or internal behavioral scientist consultants, of change agents, as they are sometimes called. Globalization, cultural change, system change and employee play an important role in organizational development. Apart from internal stakeholders and systems, external stakeholders like customers, shareholders and suppliers also play an important role in OD. Below we will discuss the comparison between two organizations and its development. Comparison between IKEA and Santander: As we have seen in the case of IKEA, it is a big organization with many offices and stores across the world. They need to go through changes very frequently compare to Santander which is banking sector company. During the change process people, structure, size, leadership, strategies etc. are most important factors which need to be taken care of by organization. While doing change organizations must consult their employee and let them know in advance the future changes those are going to be happening in the organization. So they are ready to accept the changes. While any organizations main assets are its products and people. Stakeholders also play an important role in management change or organizational change. Now a days people have become more net savvy and they do most of the shopping on line or even they can book their holidays online. So internet has become fastest way of medium to serve the clients in fastest way. While every organization is investing millions of dollars or pounds in creating e shop for their customers they are also investing lots of money to train their employee and to help them to improve their skills and techniques to use improved system. There are so many factors which play important part in organizational development and change: direction, purposeful leadership, alignment of purpose and value and porters five forces. Operations are in the bank are very wide, from customer services to back office operations and to do the work efficiently, most of the banks used electronic equipment and system to cope with the future demands. For an example as we have seen Santander is a one of the big bank in Europe and to manage their operations they are spending lots of money in banking system and website development. When a customer wants to open bank account they physically need not to go in to the bank, they can just click few buttons on their computer and they will be able to open bank account, they can transfer funds between their accounts, even they can pay their bills online as well. So this way Santander is enjoying luxury of reaching the people indirectly through its website. While other banking system they use for their employees is internal system where they can store each and every data of every customer transaction. To use the system they need to train their employee how to use the system etc. Multi national companies needs to also look after cultural changes in their respective offices. As a bank it has merged with many other financial institutions in other countries. So merger is also one the better organizational management methods. While as a bureaucratic organization IKEA is more sensitive towards the changes, they need to face many changes all the time cause every time they need to develop new products, develop new markets etc. Cultural change is the major issue in the bureaucratic organization compare to domestic organization or small organization. Because they are producing furniture and when they do so they need look after its customers needs and believes while making so. Organizational changes are also depends on competition of the particular industry. As in the furniture industry, there tends to be major changes every year and competition is likely to be very high and to survive in the industry employee management, efficient leadership, System changes, Cultural changes etc. are really important. Conclusion: At the end of the day all organization runs its business to give excellent customer service to its customer and end motto is to earn profit and stabilization in current economic climate. As we have seen in above comparison, customer service is the main factor all organizations work for and they are ready to go through all the changes to achieve its goal. System change, culture change, people change are the main changes which are occur very often. Task 4: Introduction: In task 4 we will see various change models available for organization and comparison between conventional sales and internet sales. There are total six change management models available for its businesses. And businesses can use it to adopt the changes. Objectives: In task 4 main objectives will be: Study various change models, Comparison between conventional sales and internet sales, presentation. From: Marketing Consultant To: Board of Directors Date:- Subject: Change management Models Change management Models: MODEL 1: 4-D, Desire, Dream, Discovery, Deliver MODEL 2: Lewiss theory of change, now a day there is hardly any organization which has not affected with change yet, as he argued that there are 3 different stages of change which can change the whole structure of any organization. Unfreeze: Change: Refreeze: MODEL 3: John Katters Change Model, establish a sense Create Develop a of urgency coalition clear vision Empower Share the people to vision clear obstacles Anchor the Consolidate and 8. Secure short- change keep moving term wins MODEL 5: Better future for all Analyze Understand needs, processes structures and foresee resistance Cyclical Process Framework (CFAN) Change at Team Change at Individual Levels System Level Nurture Establish a framework that sustains Monitor the change Communicate Make the change Goals visible to all Exploring and creating meaning Coach and Mentor Help individuals to master change Review Design new structures, processes Facilities etc. MODEL 6: Mckinleys 7-S Model: that includes Shared value, Strategy, Structure, Systems, Style, Staff, Skills Internet sale and Conventional Sale: In current market conventional sale has been taken over by internet sale. Most of the organizations have started their online sale activities through their websites. Internet has offered an exceptional platform for marketers to promote their products and services. The multiple benefits have made internet sale more productive tool as compare to traditional sale and sales methods. Because of the change in sale environment lots of organizations have gone through many changes, changes like system, employee behavior, hierarchy etc. Many well established organizations are spending millions of pounds for their internet activities. Compare to traditional sale and sales techniques, online or internet sale has many benefits. It has proven to be an effective platform from which almost every company is benefiting and it is supporting them to strengthen their relationship with their globally dispersed consumers. Benefits and Challenges: Internet sale has so many advantages: it is quick, easy, and cheaper and its even beneficial for smaller organizations. Though there are many benefits still there are some challenges with internet sale, Challenges like:  ·Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Very fast advancement means people have to really spend a lot of time researching and keeping up to date with the latest trends and methods.  ·Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Sometimes the data can be misleading. While Conventional Sale costly technique compare to internet sale, Conventional marketing is not quick. There are many stages through which sales have been made. Its a customer facing role where employees are elected to do sales activities. Plus transportation is the main disadvantage in conventional sales. Because in conventional sale goods need to be transported from ware house to different stores while in online sales goods can be directly reached to its customers. Pound-land and IKEA: IKEA has gone through many changes in recent time, mainly in their sales activities. They have many different stores across the world, still they do online sales. They provide all the product information online which allows their customers to check the product online and if customers want to buy it they can buy it online as well. It allows IKEA to save the time, cost and transportation expenses. While Pound-land still doing conventional sales, their products are very cheap and wide range of products still they havent started any major online activities. They have developed their websites but they are not in to online marketing and sales process. When implementing changes now a days internet plays an important role, it also creates job opportunities. Conclusion: In a conclusion it is clear that in every organization there is need of a change and it is very beneficial for any organization to have a change in the company or organization as it is above mentioned that there are more models of change , but again its depends on the situation that how we can get this change being in mind the current position of the company, as there are lots of change going in IKEA and best change model for them is the Mckinleys 7-s Model cause it covers most of the stock holders and customer values. For Pound land as it has not started its online activities, 4 D model is suitable for them as they have to dream and desire about reaching more customers through various ways. Task 5 Change Management: Change management entails thoughtful planning and sensitive implementation, and above all consultation with, and involvement of, the people affected by the changes. The only person who likes Change is a wet baby! A wet baby is aware of the imperfections of its current situation and will cry and scream until a Change is brought about. This analogy is a simple one, but it does contain a core of truth. If your Target audience is dissatisfied with their Status Quo, they will be willing to Change to something-else.  Resistance isnt an indication that something is wrong with what you are trying to change. It is an indication that something is happening. It is a good sign. Another aspect is culture. Culture changes will e a bigger project than the original change. There are three options: change the change, change the culture or prepare to fail. What is their Vision of the Future? Where would they like to be in 1 year, 5 years? Can they define what they would like their future Status Quo to look like? The better they can define it, the more detail they can describe, the more tangible it becomes. What can they do to achieve it? How can they become involved in their vision? What can they do to move towards it? Surprisingly enough, they have answers to these questions. And those answers can become a plan of action if we let them. What commitment will they invest? Change is never easy What will they contribute to get to the future theyve described? If the answer to the question Whats in it for me? is satisfactory to them theyll be willing to contribute more than we expect. What do they need from you? Staff needs management support. This is what is meant by the phrase Top down Support and it is crucial to successful Change. IF top management does NOT believe in the Change, then it becomes very difficult to achieve not impossible, just needlessly difficult. Before going to the troops with a Change, make sure the political battles in the upper ranks have been resolved. When will their Transition Plan be ready? Set a date for the completion of the Change. Nothing happens without a deadline. Deadlines, especially deadlines offered voluntarily, with eyes open, become a commitment.   What will NOT Change? Very important People need to know what parts of the old Status Quo will remain. Even if it is only small things which will remain constant, dont underestimate their value. At pound land system implementation is easy compare to bureaucratic organization like IKEA. Cause in bureaucratic organization, employees have less trust in the organization. Trust plays an important role in change management. Secondly strong top management involvement required while doing changes or going through changes. Motivation factor plays an important role in processes; every one needs to be motivated while implementing changes. Task 6: When going through different processes of change management it is must to involve all stakeholders because they are the back bone of organization. When implementing new system in to any organization it is really important to involve all stakeholders of the organizations. Stake holders include various people an